To be effective, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two shots about 3 to 4 weeks apart, respectively. The vaccines will be free, according to the HHS. Priority will be given to the following populations in three proposed phases initially:

• Phase 1a: Healthcare Personnel, Long-Term Care Facility (LTCF) Residents. Employees of hospitals, long-term care facilities, clinics, home health, pharmacies, emergency medical services, and public health. Residents of skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, and other residential care.

• Phase 1b: Essential workers. Education sector, food & agriculture, utilities, police, firefighters, corrections officers, and transportation.

• Phase 1c: Adults with high-risk medical conditions, ages 65+.

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WHO is cautiously optimistic that safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 will be successfully developed. There is a robust pipeline of potential vaccines in development, and some have already advanced to large (phase III) clinical trials based on promising early data.

But for now, we can’t be certain if or when a COVID-19 vaccine will be available. That is why we must not rely on a future vaccine to fight this pandemic – we must use all the tools we already have at our disposal, such as testing, contact tracing, physical distancing, and the use of masks.

More information about COVID-19 vaccine development is available here.

Currently, there is no evidence that any other vaccines, apart from those specifically designed for the SARS-Cov-2 virus, will protect against COVID-19.

However, scientists are studying whether some existing vaccines – such as the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is used to prevent tuberculosis – are also effective for COVID-19. WHO will evaluate evidence from these studies when available.

The first COVID-19 vaccines have already begun to be introduced in countries. Before COVID-19 vaccines can be delivered:

• The vaccines must be proven safe and effective in large (phase III) clinical trials. Some COVID-19 vaccine candidates have completed their phase III trials, and many other potential vaccines are being developed.

• Independent reviews of the efficacy and safety evidence is required for each vaccine candidate, including regulatory review and approval in the country where the vaccine is manufactured, before WHO considers a vaccine candidate for prequalification. Part of this process also involves the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety.

• In addition to review of the data for regulatory purposes, the evidence must also be reviewed for the purpose of policy recommendations on how the vaccines should be used.

• An external panel of experts convened by WHO, called the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE), analyzes the results from clinical trials, along with evidence on the disease, age groups affected, risk factors for disease, programmatic use, and other information. SAGE then recommends whether and how the vaccines should be used.

• Officials in individual countries decide whether to approve the vaccines for national use and develop policies for how to use the vaccines in their country based on the WHO recommendations.

• The vaccines must be manufactured in large quantities, which is a major and unprecedented challenge – all the while continuing to produce all the other important life-saving vaccines already in use.

• As a final step, all approved vaccines will require distribution through a complex logistical process, with rigorous stock management and temperature control.

WHO is working with partners around the world to accelerate every step of this process, while also ensuring the highest safety standards are met.

The COVID-19 vaccines produce protection against the disease, as a result of developing an immune response to the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Developing immunity through vaccination means there is a reduced risk of developing the illness and its consequences. This immunity helps you fight the virus if exposed. Getting vaccinated may also protect people around you, because if you are protected from getting infected and from disease, you are less likely to infect someone else. This is particularly important to protect people at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19, such as healthcare providers, older or elderly adults, and people with other medical conditions.